A pair of bull snakes, in Lakota called “brown-speckled arrows” (wangleglega), and two, painted turtles (patkasa), frame a crow (kangi---Buechel, 1970: 541; 436; & 283). Snakes are an unusual species to be found in Lakota art, or religious practice. According to He Dog, a prominent chief, Black Road “was the only Oglala medicine man to use snake symbolism” (Blish, 1934: 180). This is another, direct indication that Black Road created the Wilkins Ledger. Specifically, this drawing represents one of the designs painted on special buffalo robes, cut about five feet square, worn by some officers of Black Road's Sacred Bow Warrior Society: “Along each side of the robe, running from left to right (beginning at the top) a snake was painted” (Blish, 1934: 185). Compare Plates 66, 64 & 3.